Vitamin A (Retinol)

Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is a fat soluble vitamin. It is found in the diet in two distinct chemical forms; retinoids are found in animal foods such as meat, poultry, fish and dairy products, while cartotenoids, such as beta-carotene, are found in plant foods, such as fruit and vegetables. Since it's discovery in 1913, the significance of vitamin A to human health has become increasingly apparent. It is known to serve crucial roles in a variety of systemic functions, helping to keep the skin and mucous membranes (the smooth muscle tissue that lines the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, vagina and rectum) smooth and supple and vital for optimal immune system function, vision, reproduction, growth and development. 

 

Functions

Vitamins A plays a lead role in a variety of important functions throughout the body such as gene transcription, embryonic development and reproduction, bone formation, immunity, vision, skin health, and antioxidant activity.

Reference Intake (RI)

 

AGE

   CHILDREN

    MALES

FEMALES

MALES

FEMALES

PREGNANCY

  YEARS

1-3

4-6

7-10

11-14

15-17

11-14

15-17

18-64

65+

18-64

65+

 

VITAMIN A

 (µg / day)

400

400

500

600

700

600

600

700

700

600

600

  (+100)

 

    MONTHS

0-3

4-6

7-9

10-12

LACTATION

VITAMIN D (μg / day)

350

350

350

 350

 (+350)

Food Sources


PRODUCTS

     Sweet Potato

       (cooked)

      Carrots

         (cooked)

   Spring Greens

       (cooked)

Curly Kale

    (cooked)

(μg / 100 g)

   3960 

13,402 

8295 

3375 

PRODUCTS

     Pepper (red)

         (cooked)

       Spinach

         (boiled)

     Pumpkin

       (cooked)

Mixed Vegetables

(μg / 100 g)

   3780 

   6604 

955 

2520 

 

Deficiency / Toxicity

Deficiency of vitamin A may result from inadequate intakes of both preformed vitamin A (retinol) and pro-vitamin A (carotinoids). Secondary deficiencies may result from malabsorption caused by insufficient dietary fats, pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease, diabetes, protein/energy malnutrition or zinc deficiency. Excessive intake of substances such as alcohol or caffeine, or the use of steroidal medication may also negatively impact vitamin A status. 

Vitamin A deficiency is the most significant cause of blindness in the developing world with an estimated 250 million children at risk.

Too much vitamin A is also possible and may lead to liver disease. Hypervitamin A in humans is characterised by changes in the skin and mucous membranes such as dryness of the nasal mucosa and eyes.